![]() ![]() For prostate cancer, there was an optimistic bias for all HBM variables: risk and severity of prostate cancer and barriers to and benefits of screening. Women had an optimistic bias in relation to breast cancer risk and severity and barriers to having a screening mammogram but not in relation to the benefits of screening. In the first study 164 women aged 50 to 70 years responded to questions about breast cancer and screening mammography, while in the second study 200 men aged 45 to 60 years responded to questions about prostate cancer and screening using the prostate specific antigen test. ![]() 3 Financial analysts and investors had unrealistic expectations of financial growth and success. Cognitive neuroscientist and optimism expert Tali Sharot posits that the optimism bias was one of the core causes of the financial downfall in 2008. Data were collected using telephone interviews, dialing numbers randomly selected from the telephone directory. We can see this in how optimism bias impacts financial markets. The most influential theoretical framework of optimism is the self-regulatory model of dispositional optimism proposed by Scheier and Carver in which human activity is explained in terms of goal regulation. This same research indicates that depressed people’s judgments about themselves are often less biased. To overcome this compartmentalization, two studies of cancer screening behavior assessed the extent to which unrealistic optimism occurred in relation to each of the elements of the HBM: severity and curability of cancer and the benefits of, and barriers to, having a screening test. Specifically, research suggests that nondepressed people are vulnerable to cognitive illusions, including unrealistic optimism, overestimation of themselves, and an exaggerated sense of their capacity to control events. Growing up, you probably had caregivers or teachers who encouraged optimism because they. ![]() So the error the individual is making is a different one. In contrast, in comparative unrealistic optimism, people are unrealistically optimistic about their chances compared to those of others. Why do people fail to engage in positive behaviors which will promote their health and well-being? Researchers addressing this question adopt primarily one of two perspectives, drawing either on theories of health behavior, such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), or on theories of risk perception, such as unrealistic optimism. In the case of absolute unrealistic optimism, a prediction is unrealistically positive compared to the objective likelihood of an event occurring. ![]()
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